Solution of the Millennium Problem Related to the Navier-Stokes Equations

Authors

  • Alexander G. Ramm Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-2602, USA Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.65904/3083-1733.2026.2.11

Keywords:

Global Solutions, Integral Equations, Millennium Problem, Hypersingular Integrals, Navier–Stokes Equations

Abstract

This paper contains a solution to the millennium problem related to the Navier-Stokes problem (NSP) in R3 without boundaries. In the first part of this paper the author’s results on hypersingular integrals are presented. By hypersingular integrals we understand the integrals diverging from the classical analysis point of view. We discuss integral equations with such integrals, the Cauchy integrals with densities that are distributions, and the boundary values of analytic functions with distributional density of the Cauchy integrals. Solving integral equations with hypersingular integrals is used in the second part. The second part of the paper is based on the first, and contains an analysis of the Navier-Stokes problem (NSP) in R3 without boundaries. It is shown that a nontrivial solution to NSP cannot exist for all time t > 0. The only global solution is trivial. The NSP paradox is proved. This paradox shows that there cannot exist a solution to the NSP in R3 without boundaries for all t > 0.

References

[1] Bateman H, Erdélyi A. Tables of integral transforms. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1954.

[2] Ramm AG. Comments on the Navier–Stokes problem. Axioms. 2021;10(2):95. https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms10020095.

[3] Landau LD, Lifshitz EM. Fluid mechanics. 2nd ed. Oxford: Pergamon Press; 1987.

[4] Rudin W. Functional analysis. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1991.

[5] Hörmander L. The analysis of linear partial differential operators II. Berlin: Springer; 1983. (Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften; vol. 257).

[6] Ramm AG. Analysis of the Navier-Stokes problem: solution of a millennium problem. Cham: Springer; 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-30723-2.

[7] Ladyzhenskaya OA. The boundary value problems of mathematical physics. New York: Springer-Verlag; 1985.

[8] Gilbarg D, Trudinger NS. Elliptic partial differential equations of second order. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1983.

[9] Gakhov FD. Boundary value problems. Moscow: Nauka; 1977.

[10] Ramm AG. Navier-Stokes equations paradox. Rep Math Phys. 2021;88(1):41-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4877(21)00054-9.

[11] Ramm AG. Wave scattering by small bodies: creating materials with the desired refraction coefficient. Singapore: World Scientific; 2023.

[12] Ramm AG. The Navier-Stokes problem. San Rafael (CA): Morgan & Claypool Publishers; 2021. ISBN: 978-1-63639-243-0.

[13] Ramm AG. The Navier-Stokes problem: solution of a millennium problem related to the Navier-Stokes equations. Mod Math Methods. 2024;2(1):19-26. https://doi.org/10.64700/mmm.8.

[14] Ramm AG. Solution of the millennium problem related to the Navier-Stokes equations. Lobachevskii J Math. 2024;45(8):3727-36. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1995080224604375.

[15] Ramm AG. Solution of the millennium problem for the Navier-Stokes equations. Ann Math Phys. 2025;8(3):406-9.

Downloads

Published

23-10-2026

Issue

Section

Articles

How to Cite

Solution of the Millennium Problem Related to the Navier-Stokes Equations. (2026). Mathematical Structures and Computational Modeling, 2, 132-153. https://doi.org/10.65904/3083-1733.2026.2.11